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Chapter 173-405 WAC

Last Update: 4/23/19

KRAFT PULPING MILLS

WAC Sections

HTMLPDF173-405-012Statement of purpose.
HTMLPDF173-405-021Definitions.
HTMLPDF173-405-033Standards of performance.
HTMLPDF173-405-035Emission standards for sources emitting hazardous air pollutants.
HTMLPDF173-405-040Emission standards.
HTMLPDF173-405-045Creditable stack height and dispersion techniques.
HTMLPDF173-405-061More restrictive emission standards.
HTMLPDF173-405-072Monitoring requirements.
HTMLPDF173-405-077Excess emissions.
HTMLPDF173-405-078Emission inventory.
HTMLPDF173-405-086New source review (NSR).
HTMLPDF173-405-087Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD).
HTMLPDF173-405-091Special studies.
DISPOSITION OF SECTIONS FORMERLY CODIFIED IN THIS TITLE
173-405-011Statement of policy and purpose. [Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-011, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-011.] Repealed by WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395.
173-405-031Specific emission standards. [Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-031, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-031.] Repealed by WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395.
173-405-036General emission standards and nuisance control measures. [Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-036, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-036.] Repealed by WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395.
173-405-041Emission requirements of prior jurisdictions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331. WSR 85-06-048 (Order 84-50), § 173-405-041, filed 3/6/85.] Repealed by WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW.
173-405-071Monitoring and reporting. [Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-071, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-071.] Repealed by WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395.
173-405-076Report of startup, shutdown, breakdown or upset condition. [Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-076, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-076.] Repealed by WSR 80-04-049 (Order DE 80-7), filed 3/21/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080, 70.94.011, 70.94.152, and 70.94.331.
173-405-081Notice of construction. [Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-081, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-081.] Repealed by WSR 80-04-049 (Order DE 80-7), filed 3/21/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080, 70.94.011, 70.94.152, and 70.94.331.
173-405-090Operating permit. [Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-090, filed 8/20/80.] Repealed by WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW.
173-405-101Exemption. [Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-101, filed 8/20/80; Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-101, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-101.] Repealed by WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW.

PDF173-405-012

Statement of purpose.

These rules are enacted under the provisions of the Washington Clean Air Act as amended (RCW 70.94.395) to:
(1) Assume state jurisdiction over emissions from kraft pulping mills to provide for the systematic control of air pollution in this industry and for the proper development of the state's natural resources; and
(2) Establish technically feasible and reasonably attainable standards and revise such standards as new information and better technology are developed and become available.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-012, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-012, filed 8/20/80.]


PDF173-405-021

Definitions.

The definitions of terms contained in chapter 173-400 WAC are incorporated into this chapter by reference. Unless a different meaning is clearly required by context, the following words and phrases as used in this chapter shall have the following meanings:
(1) "Ecology" means the department of ecology.
(2) "Kraft mill" means any manufacturing facility which uses an alkaline solution containing sodium hydroxide and/or sodium sulfide, and any other chemical pulping facility, except those covered by chapter 173-410 WAC, to produce pulp and/or paper products from wood fibers. For the purposes of this regulation "kraft mill" is equivalent to "source."
(3) "Noncondensibles" means gases and vapors from the digestion and evaporation processes of a mill that are not condensed with the equipment used in those processes.
(4) "Recovery furnace stack" means the stack from which the products of combustion from the recovery furnace are emitted to the ambient air.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW and RCW 70.94.395. WSR 19-10-028 (Order 18-03), § 173-405-021, filed 4/23/19, effective 5/24/19. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-021, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331. WSR 85-06-048 (Order 84-50), § 173-405-021, filed 3/6/85. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), § 173-405-021, filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-021, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080, 70.94.011, 70.94.152, and 70.94.331. WSR 80-04-049 (Order DE 80-7), § 173-405-021, filed 3/21/80; Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-021, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-021.]


PDF173-405-033

Standards of performance.

The provisions of WAC 173-400-115 "Standards of performance for new sources" shall apply to all sources to which this chapter is applicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-033, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), § 173-405-033, filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-033, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080, 70.94.011, 70.94.152, and 70.94.331. WSR 80-04-049 (Order DE 80-7), § 173-405-033, filed 3/21/80.]


PDF173-405-035

Emission standards for sources emitting hazardous air pollutants.

The provisions of WAC 173-400-075 "Emission standards for sources emitting hazardous air pollutants" shall apply to all sources to which this chapter is applicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-035, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 83-18-010 (Order DE 83-22), § 173-405-035, filed 8/26/83.]


PDF173-405-040

Emission standards.

In addition to the general applicability of chapters 173-400 and 173-490 WAC to all emission sources; no kraft pulp mill shall cause or permit air contaminant emissions in excess of the limits listed below. Specific emission standards listed in this chapter will take precedence over the general emission standards of chapter 173-400 WAC.
(1) Recovery furnaces.
(a) The particulate emissions from each recovery furnace stack shall not exceed 0.23 grams of particulate per dry cubic meter at standard conditions (0.10 grains/dscf) corrected to eight percent oxygen averaged over three one hour tests.
(b) The TRS emissions from each recovery furnace stack constructed before January 1, 1970, and for recovery furnaces that have direct contact evaporators, shall not exceed 17.5 ppm corrected to eight percent oxygen for a daily average.
(c) The TRS emissions from each recovery furnace constructed after January 1, 1970, which does not have a contact evaporator, shall not exceed 5.0 ppm corrected to eight percent oxygen for a daily average.
(2) Smelt dissolver tank vent. The particulate emissions from smelt dissolver tank vents shall not exceed 0.15 grams per kilogram (0.30 pounds per ton) of solids fired at the associated recovery furnace.
(3) Lime kilns.
(a) The particulate emission from each lime kiln stack shall not exceed 0.30 grams of particulate per dry cubic meter (0.13 grains/dscf) at standard conditions corrected to ten percent oxygen.
(b) The TRS emissions from any lime kiln stack shall not exceed eighty ppm expressed as hydrogen sulfide for more than two consecutive hours in any one day.
(c) The average daily emission of TRS from any lime kiln stack shall not exceed fifty ppm. After January 1, 1985, TRS emissions from each lime kiln stack shall not exceed twenty ppm corrected to ten percent oxygen for a daily average.
(4) Other TRS emissions units.
(a) Noncondensibles from digesters, multiple-effect evaporators and condensate stripper system shall be treated to reduce the emissions of TRS equal to the reduction achieved by thermal oxidation in a lime kiln.
(b) A backup treatment system or equivalent approved by ecology must be installed to assure continual treatment of noncondensibles.
(5) Other particulate emissions units. The emission of particulates from emissions units other than kraft recovery furnaces, lime kilns, or smelt dissolving tank vents, shall not exceed the following maximums:
(a) 0.46 grams per dry cubic meter at standard conditions (0.2 grains/dscf) corrected to seven percent oxygen, for units which combust wood and wood residue to produce steam and which commenced construction prior to January 1, 1983.
(b) 0.12 grams per dry cubic meter at standard conditions (0.05 grains/dscf) corrected to seven percent oxygen, for units which combust fuel other than wood and wood residue to produce steam, and which commenced construction after January 1, 1983.
(c) 0.23 grams per dry cubic meter at standard conditions (0.1 grains/dscf) corrected to seven percent oxygen in the case of combustion units, for units not classified under (a) or (b) of this subsection.
(6) Opacity.
(a) No person shall cause or allow the emission of a plume from any kraft recovery furnace, smelt dissolver tank, or lime kiln, which has an average opacity greater than thirty-five percent for more than six consecutive minutes in any sixty minute period, except as described in WAC 173-405-040(7).
(b) No person shall cause or allow the emission of a plume, from any emissions unit other than a kraft recovery furnace, smelt dissolver tank, or lime kiln, which has an average opacity greater than twenty percent for more than six consecutive minutes in any sixty minute period. The emissions unit shall comply with the alternative visible emission standard for:
(i) Soot blowing or grate cleaning in WAC 173-400-040 (2)(a);
(ii) Hog fuel or wood fired boiler in operation before January 24, 2018, in WAC 173-400-040 (2)(e); and/or
(iii) Furnace refractory in WAC 173-400-040 (2)(f).
(c) There shall be no more than one violation notice issued in any sixty minute period.
(d) These provisions (of WAC 173-405-040(6)) shall not apply when the presence of uncombined water is the only reason for the opacity of the plume to exceed the applicable maximum.
(7) Alternative emission limitation. An owner or operator may request an alternative emission limit (as defined in WAC 173-400-030) under:
(a) WAC 173-400-081 for an action covered under a notice of construction application; or
(b) WAC 173-400-082 for a permit modification.
(8) Operation and maintenance. At all times, including periods of abnormal operation and upset conditions, owners and operators shall, to the extent practicable, maintain and operate any affected facility, including associated air pollution control equipment, in a manner consistent with good air pollution control practice. Determination of whether acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being used will be based on information available to ecology which may include, but is not limited to, monitoring results, opacity observations, review of operating and maintenance procedures, and inspection of the source.
(9) SO2.
(a) The emission of sulfur dioxide from any recovery furnace or lime kiln shall not exceed five hundred ppm for an hourly average, corrected to eight percent oxygen for a recovery furnace or to ten percent oxygen for a lime kiln.
(b) The emission of sulfur dioxide from any emissions unit other than a recovery furnace or lime kiln shall not exceed one thousand ppm for an hourly average, corrected to seven percent oxygen for combustion units.
(10) Source testing. To demonstrate compliance with this chapter, the provisions of WAC 173-400-105 shall apply to all sources to which this chapter is applicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW and RCW 70.94.395. WSR 19-10-028 (Order 18-03), § 173-405-040, filed 4/23/19, effective 5/24/19. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-040, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), § 173-405-040, filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-040, filed 8/20/80.]


PDF173-405-045

Creditable stack height and dispersion techniques.

The provisions of WAC 173-400-200 shall apply to all sources to which this chapter is applicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-045, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 70.94 and 43.21A RCW. WSR 88-01-057 (Order 87-50), § 173-405-045, filed 12/16/87.]


PDF173-405-061

More restrictive emission standards.

Ecology may establish more restrictive emission standards for new mills or for mills expanding existing facilities pursuant to WAC 173-400-110.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-061, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), § 173-405-061, filed 4/15/83; Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-061, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-061.]


PDF173-405-072

Monitoring requirements.

Each mill shall conduct routine monitoring of emissions in accordance with a program that has been approved by ecology. Results of the monitoring shall be reported monthly within fifteen days of the end of each calendar month, except that source testing results shall be submitted within sixty days of completion of each source testing. All reports shall include data as follows:
(1) Particulate: The results of particulate measurements made on each source during the month.
(2) TRS:
(a) The average TRS concentration expressed in units of the standard for each recovery furnace and lime kiln stack.
(b) The date, time and concentration of TRS for each TRS emissions violation and the total numbers of hours that exceed the standard.
(3) Opacity or other continuous monitor:
(a) The date and time of opacity in excess of the standard.
(b) If equipment for continuous monitoring of opacity is not available, continuous monitoring of operating parameters may be required by a regulatory order as an alternate. If an alternate is approved, the date and time of each occurrence in excess of the regulatory order must be reported.
(4) Production: The average daily production of air-dried unbleached pulp.
(5) Other data: Each kraft mill shall furnish, upon request of ecology, such other pertinent data required to evaluate the mill's emissions or emission control program.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW and RCW 70.94.395. WSR 19-10-028 (Order 18-03), § 173-405-072, filed 4/23/19, effective 5/24/19. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-072, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-072, filed 8/20/80.]


PDF173-405-077

Excess emissions.

The provisions of WAC 173-400-107, or 173-400-108 and 173-400-109 shall apply to all sources to which this chapter is applicable.
Note:
WAC 173-400-107 is in effect until the effective date of EPA's removal of the provision from the SIP.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW and RCW 70.94.395. WSR 19-10-028 (Order 18-03), § 173-405-077, filed 4/23/19, effective 5/24/19. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-077, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), § 173-405-077, filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-077, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080, 70.94.011, 70.94.152, and 70.94.331. WSR 80-04-049 (Order DE 80-7), § 173-405-077, filed 3/21/80.]


PDF173-405-078

Emission inventory.

The provisions of WAC 173-400-105(1) shall apply to all sources to which this chapter is applicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-078, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 89-02-055 (Order 88-39), § 173-405-078, filed 1/3/89; WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), § 173-405-078, filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-078, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080, 70.94.011, 70.94.152, and 70.94.331. WSR 80-04-049 (Order DE 80-7), § 173-405-078, filed 3/21/80.]


PDF173-405-086

New source review (NSR).

The provisions of WAC 173-400-110 through 173-400-114 shall apply to all new sources and emissions units to which this chapter is applicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW and RCW 70.94.395. WSR 19-10-028 (Order 18-03), § 173-405-086, filed 4/23/19, effective 5/24/19. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-086, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 43.21A and 70.94 RCW. WSR 83-09-036 (Order DE 83-13), § 173-405-086, filed 4/15/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 70.94.331 and 70.94.395. WSR 80-11-060 (Order DE 80-15), § 173-405-086, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 43.21A.080, 70.94.011, 70.94.152, and 70.94.331. WSR 80-04-049 (Order DE 80-7), § 173-405-086, filed 3/21/80.]


PDF173-405-087

Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD).

The provisions of WAC 173-400-700 through 173-400-750 shall apply to all new major sources and major modifications to which this chapter is applicable.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW and RCW 70.94.395. WSR 19-10-028 (Order 18-03), § 173-405-087, filed 4/23/19, effective 5/24/19. Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-087, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91. Statutory Authority: Chapters 70.94 and 43.21A RCW. WSR 88-01-057 (Order 87-50), § 173-405-087, filed 12/16/87.]


PDF173-405-091

Special studies.

Ecology may require such additional special studies relevant to process emissions and establish completion dates as it determines necessary.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 70.94 RCW. WSR 91-05-064 (Order 90-06), § 173-405-091, filed 2/19/91, effective 3/22/91; Order DE 76-35, § 173-405-091, filed 12/28/76. Formerly WAC 18-36-091.]
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